Cognition and Discussion on New Thermal Barrier of Hypersonic Vehicles
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摘要: 未来高超声速飞行器向更远的航程、更快的速度等航空航天技术融合的方向发展，不断突破飞行速度边界、巡弋空间边界。飞行速度不断提高，热载荷越来越严酷，同时防热结构多功能一体化设计的需求以及结构质量强约束等新的特点对热防护提出了全新的要求和挑战。针对这些全新的挑战，热防护呈现出新的特点和需求，防热需求发生重大变化，已有技术和现有设计手段存在明显不足，对相关科学问题的认知存在明显缺失，亟待探索新的技术途径。基于此，提出新热障的概念，分析了长时间加热、非烧蚀热防护、精细化热环境分析等方面的研究现状，指出了新热障问题的具体内涵和重要发展方向，回顾了热防护技术正在探索的新方向和新方法，包括低烧蚀/非烧蚀技术、系统基因组材料设计方法、疏导式创新热防护技术等，认为解决新热障是一个突破现有热防护技术极限的科学技术问题，需要通过多途径联合、多方法综合、多学科交叉突破这一高超声速飞行器热防护瓶颈问题，从精细化热环境预示与热环境控制、多尺度热防护材料性能预示、全新的防隔热材料设计途径、创新的热结构等方面入手，探索飞行器新热障问题的创新解决方案，并对相关技术研究进展进行了总结。Abstract: In the future, high-speed vehicles will develop towards the integration of aviation and aerospace technologies, such as longer range and faster speed, and constantly break through the boundary of flight speed and cruising space. With the continuous increase of flight speed, the thermal load is becoming more and more severe. Meanwhile, the requirements of multi-function integrated design of thermal protection structures and strong constraints on structural quality have put forward new requirements and challenges for thermal protection. In response to these, new features and needs of thermal protection are emerged, and the demand for thermal protection has undergone significant changes. There are obvious gaps in existing technologies, design methods, and recognition of relevant scientific issues, so revolutionary technologies are urgently needed. Therefore, the concept of new thermal barrier was proposed in this paper. It analysed the research status of long time heating, non-ablative heat protection and refined thermal environment prediction, pointed out the specific connotation and important development direction of new thermal barrier, reviewed the new direction and new methods being explored in thermal protection technology, including low ablative/non-ablative technology, system genome material design method, channel-based innovative thermal protection technology, etc. It is believed that solving the new thermal barrier is a scientific and technological problem to break through the limit of existing thermal protection technology, and it is necessary to break through the bottleneck problem of thermal protection of high-speed aircraft with multi-approach combination, multi-method synthesis and multidiscipline crossing. It explores innovative solutions to the problem of new thermal barrier from the aspects of refined thermal environment prediction and control, multi-scale performance prediction of thermal protection materials, new design approach of thermal protection materials, innovative thermal structure, etc. The progress of related research was summarized.
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图 6 Knudsen层典型速度及温度分布
Figure 6. Typical velocity and temperature distribution of Knudsen layer
图 7 热环境主动控制概念示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of aeroheating environment active control
图 8 不同引射量表面热流分布对比
Figure 8. Heat flux distribution of different injection gas mass flow rates
图 11 不同方法测得的典型高温材料催化系数
Figure 11. Catalytic coefficients of different test methods for typical materials
图 22 疏导-燃油复合防热应用研究
Figure 22. Engineering investigation of multiple thermal protection
表 1 平板表面摩擦阻力受适应系数影响
Table 1. Influence of the accommodation coefficient on skin friction of the plate
H/km no slip σv=1.0 σv=0.5 reduction rate of friction 30 2.26×10-3 2.25×10-3 2.23×10-3 0.62% 60 1.97×10-2 1.94×10-2 1.83×10-2 5.50% 90 3.79×10-2 2.67×10-1 1.08×10-1 59.47% 
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