Abstract: Two-layer thermal convection exists widely in nature. In the present work, an experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transport and flow structure in two-layer thermal convection. In a rectangular convection cell, two immiscible fluids, glycerol and 2 cs silicone oil, were used as the working fluids. In the lower-thin glycerol layer, the bottom boundary was subjected to a no-slip boundary condition (BC), and the interface was subjected to slip BC. The aspect ratio of glycerol layer (lower) was Γ₁=10.4. The Rayleigh number and Prandtl number of the glycerol layer covered the ranges of 260≤Ra₁≤6 000 and 3 708＜Pr₁＜7 000, respectively. In the upper-thick silicone oil layer, the boundary at the top was subjected to no-slip BC. The aspect ratio of silicone oil (upper) was Γ₂=0.53. The Rayleigh number and Prandtl number of the silicone oil layer covered the ranges of 1.5×10⁹≤Ra₂≤2.0×10¹⁰ and 28＜Pr₂＜33. It is found that the two-layer thermal convection has different heat transfer efficiencies and flow structures in two regions. For region 1 where the heat flux is smaller than a certain value, the glycerol layer (lower) is in a stable stratified state. For region 2 where the heat flux is greater than the certain value, a cellular pattern was formed in glycerol layer and the global heat transport was sharply increased through a subcritical bifurcation. The heat transport of glycerol layer exhibits oscillatory instability at the critical Rayleigh number Ra_1c=1 523, which is smaller than the theoretic value 1 708 of critical value Ra for the 2D infinite Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) with both rigid BCs. It reveals that the slip BC makes the fluid become unstable easier and enhances the heat transport. A measurement with shadowgraph method was further conducted. The cellular pattern of glycerol layer, the interface and hot plumes were also studied.